Fiscal Case(3)
All pieces →NDC Benchmarking of Spanish Pensions: Disability, Survivor Reversibility and Hidden Redistribution
FEDEA study (Estudios sobre la Economía Española 2026/29, Sept 2026) by Ahmed Ación López and Carlos Vidal-Meliá comparing contributions with the actuarial cost of Spanish pensions using MCVL microdata for 2015–2023. Permanent-disability pensions show the largest implicit transfers: for the 2023 cohort the median money's-worth ratio is 3.477 for women and 2.109 for men.
Public spending evaluation. Temporary Incapacity Study
Original title: Evaluación del gasto público. Estudio Incapacidad Temporal
Spending review by Spain's fiscal council AIReF (Spending Review 2022–2026, phase II, Feb 2026) of the temporary-incapacity (sick-leave) benefit, Social Security's second-largest outlay at €16.5bn in 2024. Incidence of common-illness sick leave rose nearly 60% between 2017 and 2024; AIReF traces this to a principal-agent gap (primary-care doctors certify, INSS pays) and proposes stronger supervision and data integration.
Observatorio de la Dependencia FEDEA — Fifth Report
Original title: Observatorio de la Dependencia FEDEA — Quinto Informe
Analysis of Spain's long-term care system (SAAD): applications, waiting lists (about 9% with data to June 2024), public spending and employment. Employment in the dependency sector reached close to 700,000 in Q2 2024, a 3.2% share of total employment, and the sector has grown more than any other in the Spanish economy since 2021. (Jiménez-Martín & Viola, FEDEA, November 2024)
Social Return on Investment(2)
All pieces →Impact Assessment of activities carried out by Cáritas Española, Cruz Roja Española, Fundación ONCE and Fundación Secretariado Gitano within the ESF 2016-2023
Original title: Evaluación de Impacto de las actuaciones desarrolladas por Cáritas Española, Cruz Roja Española, Fundación ONCE y Fundación Secretariado Gitano en el Marco del FSE 2016-2023
Independent evaluation (March 2026) by Fresno and the University of Murcia, commissioned by Cáritas, Cruz Roja, Fundación ONCE and Fundación Secretariado Gitano, of ESF employment pathways (44.10% of participants disabled). Using EPA matching it estimates a modelled social return of €2.90 per euro over 3 years at a conservative wage (4% discount), €4.02 at a higher wage, from wages, avoided benefits, contributions, VAT and consumption.
The social value generated by sheltered employment centres in Spain: comparison of two monetisation approaches
Original title: El valor social generado por los centros especiales de empleo en España: comparación de dos enfoques de monetización
Peer-reviewed article by Silvia Ayuso Siart (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) in REVESCO (2023) comparing the two methods used to monetise the social value of Spain's sheltered employment centres (CEE): SROI and Integrated Social Value (VSI), reviewing eleven CEE case studies. Both use stakeholder input and financial proxies and yield a return ratio, but significant method differences change the amounts calculated, so ratios are not directly comparable.
Labour Market(3)
All pieces →Labour Market Report for People with Disabilities. National. 2024 Data
Original title: Informe del Mercado de Trabajo de las Personas con Discapacidad. Estatal. Datos 2024
Annual SEPE report (2025 edition, March 2025) on the labour market for people with disabilities in Spain. Their employment rate was 40.5 points below that of people without disabilities (28.5% vs 69.0%); 271,765 contracts went to disabled people in 2024, just 1.76% of all hiring, and 336,073 were affiliated to Social Security in December 2024.
Employment Market Report for Disabled People. State 2024 (2023 Data)
Original title: Informe del Mercado de Trabajo de las Personas con Discapacidad. Estatal 2024 (Datos 2023)
Annual report by SEPE on the employment market for disabled people. Using 2022 INE data, only 35.3% of working-age disabled people are economically active, compared to an activity rate of 78% for non-disabled people; their employment rate (27.8%) is 40.3 percentage points lower.
State Labour Market Report for People with Disabilities 2024
Original title: Informe del Mercado de Trabajo de las Personas con Discapacidad Estatal 2024
SEPE's annual labour market report on people with disabilities in Spain (2023 data): 327,300 people with disabilities were affiliated to Social Security at the end of 2023, 1.58% of all affiliates, up 3.63% on the previous year versus 2.85% for affiliation overall. People without disability had an activity rate of 78% in 2022, 42.7 percentage points higher than people with disabilities. (SEPE, 2024)
Cost of Exclusion(2)
All pieces →Eleven keys to understanding the reality of employment of disabled people. ODISMET: The first tool for creating effective inclusive employment policies
Original title: ONCE claves para comprender la realidad del empleo de las personas con discapacidad. ODISMET: La primera herramienta para crear políticas efectivas de empleo inclusivo
ODISMET (Fundación ONCE) summary report, September 2026, presented to the Spanish Congress. The employment rate of disabled people is 28.9%, against 69.7% for non-disabled people, and they accounted for only 1.8% of contracts signed in 2025. In 2025, 32.2% of disabled people were at risk of poverty or social exclusion (25.7% of the general population). Among disabled workers the poverty risk was 23.6%, against 16.4% for non-disabled workers.
Report 10 from the Observatory on Disability and the Labour Market in Spain
Original title: Informe 10 del Observatorio sobre Discapacidad y Mercado de Trabajo en España
Review of a decade (2014–2023) of Fundación ONCE / Odismet: the employment rate of people with disabilities grew by 5.9 percentage points, to 28.5 in 2023, compared with 10.1 percentage points in the population without disabilities, and the gap reached -40.5 percentage points (compared with -36.3 in 2014). The unemployment rate fell by 12.8 percentage points; the wage gap reached -18.7%, that is, €5,065 less per year, and the AROPE rate of risk of poverty or social exclusion stood at 31% (2023).