The Economics of Inclusion / EU
Cost of Exclusion
Ageing Workforce and Disability Inclusion: An Economic Imperative
OECD analysis of how rising workforce disability rates from ageing populations make inclusion not optional but structurally necessary for EU labour force sufficiency and pension sustainability.
From Unpaid Care to Shared Prosperity: Disability Inclusion to Unlock Growth
World Bank report quantifying informal care for disabled persons at 9% of global GDP; argues that investing in inclusive employment and formal care infrastructure is necessary to recover this lost economic potential.
Partizipation am Arbeitsmarkt: Schwerbehinderung hat oft gravierende Folgen für den Erwerbsverlauf
Using matched administrative data from the Federal Employment Agency, onset of severe disability reduces employment probability by 16pp and earnings by 7pp after five years. (IAB-Kurzbericht 22/2024)
Health Costs of Unemployment Among People with Disabilities
Longitudinal study from 12 EU countries linking disability unemployment to higher mental health service utilisation, primary care costs, and premature mortality — with aggregate fiscal modelling.
Underemployment and Wage Loss Among Disabled Workers in Europe
Quantification of underemployment penalties — part-time involuntary, skills underutilisation, and sector segregation — experienced by disabled workers across EU member states.
The Cost of Excluding Disabled People from the European Economy
Flagship Eurostat/ILO report estimating €780bn annual GDP loss from disability exclusion across EU-27, including lost productivity, healthcare costs, and welfare expenditure.
Disability, Poverty, and Employment: The Social Cost of Exclusion
Analysis linking disability employment exclusion to higher poverty rates, intergenerational poverty transmission, and cumulative social expenditure over a disabled person's working life.
From Recession to Pandemic: Displacement Among Workers with Disabilities
Workers with disabilities were roughly twice as likely to experience job displacement across six survey waves; displacement gaps peaked at 6.5pp during the Great Recession — illustrating a "last hired, first fired" dynamic.
Lost Productivity: The Cost of Failing to Accommodate Disabled Employees
Employer-level analysis of productivity losses, presenteeism, and attrition costs when disabled employees do not receive adequate accommodation — versus the modest cost of provision.
Informe 10 del Observatorio sobre Discapacidad y Mercado de Trabajo en España
Ten-year longitudinal review (2013–2023): employment for disabled people rose by 5.9pp to 550,000; unemployment fell 40%; but the wage gap widened to €5,067/year below non-disabled peers and poverty risk stands at 31%. (Fundación ONCE / Odismet, 2023)
The Economic Costs of Exclusion and Gains of Inclusion of People with Disabilities
LSHTM/CBM evidence synthesis quantifying macro-economic and household-level costs of excluding people with disabilities; demonstrates that inclusion generates positive returns across education, employment, and health expenditure.